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猞猁_百度百科

度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心猞猁[shē lì]播报讨论上传视频猫科猞猁属动物收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10猞猁(学名:Lynx lynx):属于猫科、猞猁属的食肉哺乳动物。体重18-32千克,体长90-130厘米,尾长仅11-24厘米。四肢长而矫健,耳基宽,耳尖具黑色耸立簇毛,尾短而钝,两颊具颇长而下垂的鬓毛。冬毛长而密。背毛呈粉红棕色,背中部毛色较深。腹毛较淡,呈黄白色,其毛基灰棕。眼周毛色发白,两颊有2-3列明显的棕黑色纵纹。鬓毛为污白色,且杂有棕黑色长毛。体背散有棕褐色斑点,尤以腰、臀边缘多面清晰。四肢背面毛色与背部同。腹部斑点较背部深。为喜寒动物,栖息生境极富多样性,从亚寒带针叶林、寒温带针阔混交林至高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒灌丛草原及高寒荒漠与半荒漠等各种环境均有其足迹。生活在森林灌丛地带,密林及山岩上较常见。喜独居,长于攀爬及游泳,耐饥性强,可在一处静卧几日,不畏严寒,以鼠类、野兔等为食,也捕食小野猪和小鹿等为食。巢穴多筑在岩缝石洞或树洞内。每胎2-4仔。广泛分布于欧洲和亚洲北部。是罗马尼亚国兽。中文名猞猁拉丁学名Lynx lynx [5]别    名欧亚猞猁、林曳、猞猁狲、马猞猁、山猫、野狸子外文名英文 Eurasian Lynx法文 Lynx, Lynx Boréal西班牙文 Lince, Lince Boreal蒙古文 Evroasiin Shiluus, Shiluus Mii同义学名Felis lynx Linnaeus, 1758国际濒危等级无危(LC) [3]中国动物保护等级国家二级保护野生动物 [5]界动物界门脊索动物门纲哺乳纲目食肉目科猫科属猞猁属种猞猁亚    门脊椎动物亚门亚    纲真兽亚纲亚    科猫亚科族猞猁族亚    种6亚种 [3]命名者及年代(Linnaeus, 1758)保护级别CITES 2019年版附录Ⅱ;“三有”野生动物名录 [6] [8]目录1形态特征2栖息环境3生活习性▪行为▪天敌▪食性4分布范围▪世界▪中国▪地域5繁殖方式6亚种分化7保护现状▪保护级别▪种群现状▪主要威胁8相关文化形态特征播报编辑猞猁外形似猫,但比猫大得多,属于中型猛兽。猞猁平均体长85-105厘米,尾长20-31厘米,重量20-30公斤。猞猁身体粗壮,四肢较长,尾极短粗,尾尖呈钝圆。耳基宽,耳尖具黑色耸立簇毛,两颊有下垂的长毛,腹毛也很长。脊背的颜色较深,呈红棕色,中部毛色深;腹部淡呈黄白色;眼周毛色发白,两颊具有2-3列明显的棕黑色纵纹。背部的毛发最厚,身上或深或浅点缀着深色斑点或者小条纹,这些斑点有利于它的隐蔽和觅食。背部的毛色变异较大,有乳灰、棕褐、土黄褐、灰草黄褐及浅灰褐等多种色型。有些部位的色调是比较恒定的,如上唇暗褐色或黑色,下唇污白色至暗褐色,颌两侧各有一块褐黑色斑,尾端一般纯黑色或褐色,四肢前面、外侧均具斑纹,胸、腹为一致的污白色或乳白色。其冬毛长而密,冬季,大爪子上包被着长而密的毛茸茸的兽毛,在厚厚的积雪移动,相当于提供了雪靴的效果。 [1] [7]两只直立的耳朵的尖端都生长着耸立的长长的深色丛毛,长达4-5厘米,其中还夹杂着几根白毛,很象戏剧中武将头盔上的翎子,为其增添了几分威严的气势。耳壳和丛毛能够随时迎向声源方向运动,有收集音波的作用,如果失去毛簇就会影响它的听力。 [2] [7]猞猁的两性特征区别不大,仅在身材和体重上有所表现:雄性猞猁比雌性猞猁身材稍微大一点,体重也稍微重一点(1-2千克)。 [3]猞猁栖息环境播报编辑猞猁为喜寒动物,基本上属于北温带寒冷地区的产物,即使在北纬30度以北,也是栖居在寒冷的高山地带,是分布得最北的一种猫科动物。其栖息生境极富多样性,从亚寒带针叶林、寒温带针阔混交林至高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒灌丛草原及高寒荒漠与半荒漠等各种环境均有其足迹。它们的栖居高度可由海拔数百米的平原而到5000米左右的高原。生活在森林灌丛地带,密林及山岩上较常见,栖居于岩洞、石缝之中。 [1] [3]生存环境和气候条件多种多样。在整个欧洲和西伯利亚,它主要与森林地区有关,那里有良好的有蹄类动物种群,并为毛皮狩猎提供了足够的掩护。它栖息于从西欧大西洋到俄罗斯远东太平洋海岸的广阔温带和北方森林中。在欧洲,它可以在地中海森林中一直到针叶林到苔原的过渡带中找到,生活在从海平面到林线的范围内。在中亚,猞猁生活在更开阔、树木稀疏的地区和草原栖息地。该物种可能遍布喜马拉雅山的整个北坡,据报道,在茂密的灌木丛林地和林线以上的贫瘠岩石地区都有报道。猞猁在整个青藏高原零星出现,在中亚沙漠地区的岩石丘陵和山脉中也有发现。在亚美尼亚,猞猁与真正的森林和干旱的稀疏森林密切相关,在较小程度上与亚高山草甸有密切的联系。 [3]生活习性播报编辑行为夜行性,活动隐蔽,听、视觉发达,是一种离群独居、孤身活跃在广阔空间里的野生动物,是无固定窝巢的夜间猎手。白天,它可躺在岩石上晒太阳,或者为了避风雨,静静地躲在大树下。晨昏活动频繁,活动范围视食物丰富程度而定,有占区行为和固定的排泄地点。 [2]在捕捉猎物时,常借助于草丛、灌丛、石头、大树等做掩体,埋伏在猎物经常路过的地方等候着,两眼警惕地注视着四周的动静。它的忍耐性极高,可以在一个地方静静地卧上几个昼夜,待猎物走近时,才出其不意地冲出来,捕获猎物。如果一跃捕空,突击没有成功,使猎物溜走了,也不会穷追猎物,而是再回到原处,耐心地等待下一次机会。有时它也悄悄地漫游,看到猎物正在专心致志地取食,便蹑手蹑脚地潜近,再潜近,冷不防地猛扑过去,使猎物莫名其妙地束手就擒。猞猁也善于游泳,但不轻易下水。它还是个出色的攀岩能手,爬树的本领也很高,甚至可以从一棵树纵跳到另一棵树上,所以能捕食树上的鸟类。尤其是在夜间,当林中一片寂静、栖居在树上的鸟类都进入了梦乡的时候,猞猁便伸出利爪得心应手地猎取食物。它既可以在数公顷的地域里孤身蛰居几天不动,也可以连续跑出十几千米而不停歇。耐饥性强。可在一处静卧几日,不畏严寒,喜欢捕杀狍子等中大型兽类。 [1-2]天敌猞猁的性情狡猾而又谨慎,遇到危险时会迅速逃到树上躲蔽起来,有时还会躺倒在地,假装死去,从而躲过敌人的攻击和伤害。在自然界中,虎、豹、雪豹等大型猛兽都是猞猁的天敌,如果遭遇到狼群,也会被紧紧追赶、包围而丧命,一般都难以逃脱。 [2]食性猞猁的主要食物是雪兔等各种野兔,所以在很多地方猞猁的种群数量也会随着野兔数量的增减而上下波动,大致上每间隔9-10年出现一个高峰。除了野兔外,它猎食的对象还有很多,包括各种松鼠、野鼠、旅鼠、旱獭和雷鸟、鹌鹑、野鸽和雉类等各种鸟类,有时也会袭击麝、狍子和鹿的幼崽,以及猪崽、小羊等家畜。中国大兴安岭的猞猁在冬季捕获猎物后,会将吃剩的肉埋在积雪下“冷藏”,待饥饿时取食。野兔占了它们饮食的大多数,每天要消耗1-2.5千克的肉。在狩猎区,猞猁可以控制野兔的数量,每年它们可以杀死当地10%到40%的野兔种群。啮齿野兔的密度高度依赖于猞猁的密度。 [2]分布范围播报编辑世界原产地:阿富汗、阿尔巴尼亚、亚美尼亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、波黑、保加利亚、中国、克罗地亚、捷克、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、格鲁吉亚、德国、匈牙利、印度、伊朗、伊拉克、意大利、哈萨克斯坦、朝鲜、韩国、吉尔吉斯斯坦、拉脱维亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、蒙古、尼泊尔、北马其顿、挪威、巴基斯坦、波兰、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其、土库曼斯坦、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦。 [3]存在不确定性:不丹、希腊、摩尔多瓦、黑山和塞尔维亚。 [3]中国分布于中国东北、西北、内蒙古、河北、陕西、四川和西藏等地。 [1]地域猞猁的分布非常广泛。它生活在东南欧和中欧森林覆盖的山脉上,从北欧和东欧穿过俄罗斯的北方森林,向下进入中亚和青藏高原。猞猁的领地是西伯利亚南部一片宽阔的林地,从乌拉尔山脉一直延伸到太平洋。其分布范围东南部(欧洲和西南亚)的亚种群通常规模较小且分布广泛,而其历史范围从斯堪的纳维亚半岛到俄罗斯和中亚的大部分地区基本完好无损。 [3]猞猁分布图 [3]繁殖方式播报编辑猞猁的巢穴多筑在岩缝石洞或树洞内。每年2-4月份交配,妊娠期2个月左右,每胎2-4仔。寿命可达12-15年。幼仔在大约1个月大的时候开始吃固体食物,一般会到第二年才会离开母亲。离开妈妈的小猞猁们为了生存有时会继续在一起生活几周甚至几个月。雌性达到生殖成熟在20-24个月,雄性在30-34个月。野外猞猁的寿命大约12-15年。圈养状态下能活24年。 [1]亚种分化播报编辑猞猁(6亚种)中文名称学名命名者及年代1猞猁巴尔干亚种Lynx lynx balcanicusBures, 19412猞猁喀尔巴阡亚种Lynx lynx carpathicusStollmann, 19633猞猁高加索亚种Lynx lynx dinnikiSatunin, 19154猞猁中亚亚种Lynx lynx isabellinus(Blyth, 1847)5猞猁指名亚种(欧亚猞猁)Lynx lynx lynx(Linnaeus, 1758)6猞猁西伯利亚亚种Lynx lynx wrangeliOgnew, 1928 [3]保护现状播报编辑保护级别列入《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》(IUCN)2014年4月20日——无危(LC)。 [3]列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ、附录Ⅱ和附录Ⅲ》(CITES)2019年版附录Ⅱ。 [6]列入中国《国家重点保护野生动物名录》(2021年2月5日)二级。 [5]列入中国《有重要生态、科学、社会价值的陆生野生动物名录(2023年)》。 [8]种群现状猞猁曾在欧亚大陆由东至西的大部分森林、灌丛和岩石地带快乐生活,由于人类活动,森林面积破碎化和缩小,城市化的逐渐加剧导致它们的栖息地越来越少,猎物也不如过去丰富。栖息地和人类居住区的重叠导致它们有时不得不对人类饲养的牲畜下手,于是它们也常成为牧场主人们的牺牲品。 [2]欧洲猞猁数量(不包括俄罗斯和白俄罗斯)估计为9,000-10,000只。在欧洲,猞猁被分为十个不同的亚群,分别是:阿尔卑斯猞猁、巴尔干猞猁、波罗的海猞猁、波希米亚-巴伐利亚猞猁、喀尔巴阡猞猁、迪那拉猞猁、汝拉猞猁、卡累利阿猞猁、斯堪的纳维亚猞猁和孚日——帕拉蒂尼猞猁(Vosges Palatinian)(Kaczensky等,2012年)。 [3]欧洲大多数猞猁种群总体稳定。 然而,欧洲范围内的状况和趋势差异很大。巴尔干地区和孚日——帕拉蒂尼地区的亚种群数量有所减少,而汝拉地区和斯堪的纳维亚地区的亚种群数量有所增加(Kaczensky et al. 2012年)。北欧和东欧(斯堪的纳维亚、卡累利阿、波罗的海和喀尔巴阡)的原产数量各约为2,000只。所有重新引入的种群规模都很小(少于200只,甚至少于100只动物),并被列为濒危(阿尔卑斯、迪纳里克和汝拉亚群)或极危(波希米亚——巴伐利亚、孚日——帕拉蒂尼亚亚群)(Kaczensky等,2012年)。最受保护关注的欧洲种群是极度濒危的巴尔干猞猁亚种群,估计仅有40-50只(Kaczensky等人,2013年)。在乌克兰,猞猁被认为正在减少(Bashta和Dykyy2013年)。据估计,喀尔巴阡地区的种群数量为350-400只,该国北部波利西亚地区的种群数量为80-100只。 [3]尽管猞猁的活动范围很大一部分位于亚洲,但由于数据不足,人们对许多国家的状况和趋势了解甚少。以下信息是通过向分布范围国家代表发送的调查问卷收集的。在俄罗斯,猞猁被认为在某些地区保持稳定,而在其他地区则在减少(Bersenev等人,2011年)。2013年,俄罗斯猞猁数量估计约为22,510只。这些数字是根据不同地区的不同方法得出的,但主要是基于冬季追踪加上专家修正。与猞猁数量较多的地区相比,猞猁密度较低的地区进行的物种数量普查更为准确。据估计,中部地区有1,940只猞猁,西北地区有4,110只,北高加索地区有680只,南部地区有40只,伏尔加河地区有2,400只,乌拉尔地区有1,070只,西伯利亚地区有6,390只,西伯利亚地区有5,890只。在蒙古,猞猁数量估计约为10,000只(Matyushkin和Vaisfeld2003年)。2009年,中国国家林业局估计中国猞猁数量约为27,000只,并被列为易危物种(Wang 1998,Bao 2010年)。在内蒙古,其数量和范围被认为正在增加。 [3]在阿富汗,自2006年以来,通过相机陷阱调查,在巴达赫尚省的瓦坎地区和巴米扬省的亚考朗地区的北部高原,猞猁的存在已被证实。在亚美尼亚,猞猁被认为是一种常见物种,特别是在一些地区,保护区,但种群趋势未知。在阿塞拜疆,塔利什山脉、赞格祖尔山脊和大高加索山麓以及明格恰乌尔水库周围的干旱和半干旱地区的猞猁种群数量被认为是稳定的。在不丹,猞猁被认为出现在Jigme Dorji国家公园和Sakteng野生动物保护区,但没有具体证据(Wangchuck等,2004年)。猞猁在伊朗被认为是易危物种(Moqanaki等人,2010年)。在伊拉克,除了2006年在达尔班迪坎(Darbandikhan)目击到猞猁以及2011年在巴尔赞(Barzan) 地区首次确认的欧亚猞猁记录外,没有任何观测结果 (Barzani 2013年)。 吉尔吉斯斯坦的物种数量被认为稳定,但不是很高,被列为近危(Sludsky 1978年)。据认为,猞猁在尼泊尔的数量正在减少,并被列为易危物种(Jnawali et al. 2011年),但没有确凿的证据。其存在的唯一迹象来自胡姆拉的西北地区,1996年来自安纳普尔纳保护区的Dhorpatan狩猎保护区和上穆斯坦德地区(Fox 1985年)。2011年还绘制了猞猁在Rara国家公园和Shey-Phoksundo国家公园的分布图。尽管猞猁被列为最不受关注的物种,但它在巴基斯坦的数量可能正在减少,并且无法保证其长期生存(Sheikh和Molur2004年)。2003年,巴基斯坦北部的猞猁数量估计为80-120只,永久居住的区域全国面积约为25,252平方千米(Sheikh和Molur 2004年)。在塔吉克斯坦,猞猁被认为是稀有的,主要分布在该国南部的达尔瓦兹山脉、帕米尔山脉的最西部、贡达山谷和瓦罕山谷。在乌兹别克斯坦,猞猁被认为是脆弱的,并且被认为正在减少,但在吉萨尔自然保护区似乎稳定,2013年估计数量为130只。 [3]主要威胁中国的野生种群数量在减少。猞猁皮是传统的重要毛皮资源和出口种类之一,这成为猞猁的致危因素。20世纪70年代以前,猎民可以任意捕杀,仅在青藏高原每年猎捕的猞猁就达千只以上;1971-1981在黑龙江省捕捉了801只,平均每年80只。自1980年始,虽已划为国家Ⅱ级保护动物,但偷猎现象仍时有发生,且当地的土畜产品收购部门甚至仍然收购非法捕得的猞猁毛皮;在西藏等省区的农贸市场上也作自由买卖。20世纪80年代起中国参加《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)之后,出口量逐渐开始有所控制。一度出口额度控制在1000张左右,这还是出于原有库存尚有一定量的考虑。当时,一般裘皮商店几乎都可以看到不少猞猁皮张和制成品。之后,随着库存的减少,特别是其野生种群的减少,出口的严格控制,实际出口量明显下降。据吉林省属下有关林业局于1986、1987年冬季在露水河、东方红、红石、兴隆和长白山等地区的实地调查,累计调查面积3330公顷,仅遇见7只,密度平均为2只/1000公顷,且在红石和兴隆地区均未发现任何足迹。数量如此稀少的直接原因是人类活动的影响,包括人为滥杀及森林的大面积开发导致生境破坏,以及作为猞猁的食物来源匮缺所致。 [1]相关文化播报编辑猞猁数量的减少还得归因于人类。在中世纪以后的一段黑暗年代里,猞猁被当作害兽被欧洲的人类广泛捕杀。那时候除了认为它们威胁家畜,还被人们臆想为魔鬼的象征。因为它们耳朵上的那撮丛毛,无知的宗教信徒认为猞猁是“撒旦”的象征,于是陷阱、下毒等方法都派上了用场。这些胆小的动物为了躲避人类的莫名清剿,而不断躲藏到更高的山和更深的密林中,到了19世纪,猞猁已经在欧洲许多国家被彻底赶尽杀绝。直到20世纪70年代,人们才开始意识到应该恢复这个物种的种群。 [4]新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000

Lynx | Description, Size, Habitat, & Facts | Britannica

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IntroductionBobcatCanada lynxEurasian lynxIberian lynx

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Canada lynx

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Iberian lynx

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Dangerous animals are being kept as pets in Greater Manchester - full list

lynx, (genus Lynx), any of four species of short-tailed cats (family Felidae) found in the forests of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and the bobcat (L. rufus) live in North America. The Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) and the Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) are their European counterparts. The Iberian lynx is the most endangered feline; as of 2013 possibly fewer than 300 individuals remained in the mountainous scrubland of southern Spain.Lynx are long-legged, large-pawed cats with tufted ears, hairy soles, and a broad, short head. The coat, which forms a bushy ruff on the neck, is tawny to cream in colour and somewhat mottled with brown and black; the tail tip and ear tufts are black. In winter the fur is dense and soft, with hairs up to 10 cm (4 inches) long, and is sought by humans for trimming garments. Most lynx range in size from about 80 to 120 cm (about 32 to 47 inches) long, without the 10- to 20-cm (4- to 8-inch) tail, and stand about 60 cm (24 inches) tall at the shoulder. Weight typically ranges from 10 to 20 kg (22 to 44 pounds), though Eurasian lynx are often larger. In all species males are larger than females.population density of the snowshoe hare and the Canada lynxCyclic fluctuations in the population density of the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) and its effect on the population of a predator, the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). The graph is based on data derived from the records of the Hudson's Bay Company.(more)Nocturnal and silent except during the mating season, lynx live alone or in small groups. They climb and swim well and feed on birds and small mammals. The bobcat and the Eurasian lynx will take larger prey such as deer. The Canada lynx depends heavily on the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) for food, and its population increases and decreases regularly every 9 or 10 years, relative to the population of its prey.Lynx breed in late winter or early spring, and a litter of one to six young is born after a gestation period of approximately two months. Three species have life spans of at least 13 years in the wild, but most Eurasian lynx rarely live longer than 10–12 years.

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Bobcat

Bobcat (Lynx rufus).The coat of the bobcat (L. rufus), or bay lynx, ranges from yellow and gray to reddish brown in colour, with the darker pelage occurring more frequently during the summer. The coat also harbours dark streaks and spots, and the short tail, for which the bobcat is named, is banded with a black tip. The bobcat, roughly the size of a large domestic cat, is the smallest lynx. It weighs 9–12 kg (about 20–26 pounds) and stands 45–58 cm (18–23 inches) tall at the shoulder, and most individuals grow up to 65–70 cm (26–28 inches) in length; however, some as small as 47 cm (about 19 inches) long and as large as 125 cm (about 49 inches) have been sighted.

The habitat of the bobcat is primarily in the continental United States, except for the agricultural heartland of the Midwest and parts of the East Coast, where they were hunted aggressively during the first half of the 20th century. The species also inhabits Mexico as far south as the states of Oaxaca and Baja California Sur and is found as far north as southern Canada. Despite thousands of bobcats being harvested annually in the United States for the commercial fur trade, population numbers have not declined appreciably. The U.S. population is thought to be in excess of several hundred thousand, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species has classified the bobcat as a species of least concern.

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Canada lynx

The Canada lynx (L. canadensis) is similar to the bobcat in appearance but can be identified by its longer legs, wider feet, longer ear tufts, and more prominent black-tipped tail. The weight of an adult ranges from 8.0 to 17.3 kg (about 18 to 38 pounds), and its length ranges from 67 to 107 cm (about 26 to 42 inches). On average its height at the shoulder is 61 cm (24 inches).

The Canada lynx is also listed as a species of least concern by the IUCN, but it is considered to be a threatened species in the United States. At present the species is found in the boreal forests throughout Canada (except Nova Scotia) and in the U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Maine in habitats coincident with that of the snowshoe hare. In the southern part of its range, however, the Canada lynx’s diet is more diversified: it preys on carrion and possibly even young ungulates.

Canada lynx have been hunted and trapped for their fur for hundreds of years, but the levels of northern populations have remained fairly stable over time. Southern populations, especially those in the conterminous United States, are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation from logging and agricultural conversion, and many individuals are victims of vehicle strikes or are captured in traps meant for other species. Reintroduction programs begun in the early 21st century, in which groups of animals were released in other parts of the Rocky Mountains, have met with moderate success.

Lynx:来自字节跳动的高性能跨端框架-腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云

:来自字节跳动的高性能跨端框架-腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云深度学习与PythonLynx:来自字节跳动的高性能跨端框架关注作者腾讯云开发者社区文档建议反馈控制台首页学习活动专区工具TVP最新优惠活动文章/答案/技术大牛搜索搜索关闭发布登录/注册首页学习活动专区工具TVP最新优惠活动返回腾讯云官网深度学习与Python首页学习活动专区工具TVP最新优惠活动返回腾讯云官网社区首页 >专栏 >Lynx:来自字节跳动的高性能跨端框架Lynx:来自字节跳动的高性能跨端框架深度学习与Python关注发布于 2021-12-10 11:08:529K0发布于 2021-12-10 11:08:52举报文章被收录于专栏:深度学习与python深度学习与python编辑|邓艳琴 嘉宾|师绍琨 在跨端技术高速演进的背景下,字节跳动自研了 Lynx 高性能跨端解决方案,它是一个在保持业务开发高效性上,利用极致的优化手段解决页面展示、交互性能问题,并拓展和满足更多跨平台框架的使用场景,期望实现真正的“跨平台”的高性能跨端框架。目前,Lynx 已经在包含抖音、头条、火山、西瓜在内的 10 多个字节内部 App,数十条产品线中落地,场景涵盖了卡片模式、半屏页等场景、页面模式、独立 App 等。那么,与其他主流跨端框架相比,Lynx 有哪些特点?落地的时候有哪些挑战?为帮助大家更好理解 Lynx,近日,InfoQ 采访了抖音搜索业务前端负责人师绍琨,他即将在 GMTC 全球大前端技术大会(深圳站)2021 分享 Lynx 框架的高性能原理以及在抖音搜索场景中的应用优化手段,这也是 Lynx 在业界的首次亮相。以下为采访实录。 1 跨端框架众多,为何字节要自研 Lynx InfoQ:可否简单介绍下 Lynx 的诞生背景?为什么字节选择自研一个新的跨端框架呢?师绍琨:初期,我们调研了业界给予前端技术栈的跨端框架,React Native / React Web / 小程序,都是基于 React/ 小程序框架的视图的更新操作,均依赖于 JS,且首屏的速度极大依赖于 JS 执行速度。整体设计偏向应用型设计,内存、性能开销大。另一方面,虽然 SSR 服务端渲染,首屏速度极快,但后续视图更新工作和性能仍然受限于 JS 逻辑执行。SSR 需要在服务端根据数据提前渲染出对应的 html 下发给客户端,服务器承受比较大的压力。初期,业务在嵌入式视图场景等性能要求较高的场景中有非常明确的诉求(由于嵌入在 Native 视图中,对视图动态展示性能的要求较高),以上两种渲染方式在数据渲染视图的性能、内存上表现都不够好,容易出现白屏或闪现的表现,基于这些背景开始探索高性能跨平台解决方案 Lynx。 InfoQ:所以 Lynx 项目大概是什么时候开始做的?为什么选择这个时候在业界亮相?师绍琨:我们是在 2019 年年初开始着手调研和搭建 Lynx 框架的,经历了在业务落地验证、优化的阶段,不断从各个方向对性能做优化。这次主要是分享 Lynx 框架在业务场景的落地、优化,目前推广的计划还是要看后续的规划。 2 Lynx 与其他主流跨端框架的差异 InfoQ:能给我们简单讲讲 Lynx 的原理吗?师绍琨:我们将带有数据、脚本、视图结构和指令的模板交给 Lynx ,通过 Template Assembler 将模板生成一系列用于生成视图的指令并执行,完成数据更新视图的过程。同时通过反向绑定执行脚本,建立和业务逻辑的联系,保证业务逻辑的执行。 InfoQ:与其他主流跨端框架相比,Lynx 的差异性在哪里,主要侧重什么?师绍琨:差异主要有以下 5 点——首屏直出:RN 或 Weex 类型的跨平台框架是在 JS 运行时中去创建、更新 DOM 节点,js 虚拟机承担了大部分的工作。而 Lynx 是将 DOM 节点构建全部放在 Native 层,JS 运行的是业务逻辑、不阻塞 UI 展示,整体轻 JS 逻辑设计精简流水线:基于以上的机制,可以做首屏模板渲染;Lynx 开发工具打包前端产物时会将前端模版代码和 Data 编译成一个模版指令(用于生成视图的指令)直接下发到 Native,类似 Snapshot,将一部分工作在打包期间做处理,提升性能;运行时再反向绑定执行的 JS 脚本,建立和前端框架的联系,保证前端业务逻辑的执行性能优化手段多:DOM 树构建,数据驱动,排版引擎等全部在 C++ 层实现,有足够多的性能分析和优化手段;全新的 Radon Diff 算法,大幅提升 Diff DOM 树的效率;自研的排版引擎 Starlight,对 Flex 排版算法的优化,以及高效的 Linear Layout 排版算法支持等,大幅提升排版效率;多线程排版和渲染支持,在特定场景下可以极大提升性能等轻量化:对比 Flutter,基于前端 DSL,入门门槛低,前端模板编译成特定的渲染引擎指令,运行期通过自研的渲染引擎虚拟机执行,产物足够轻量,性能足够高效;同时使用原生组件渲染,包体积非常小,接入成本极低。场景通用:原生组件渲染,适用于卡片、嵌入、全页等多种场景 InfoQ:在做 Lynx 的时候,你们遇到的最大的挑战是什么?最后解决了吗?师绍琨:主要是对嵌入式场景的各种优化,需要深入底层和运行时,通过各种手段对性能进行优化。目前 Lynx 通过各种优化手段,性能可以和客户端实现相差无几。同时,我们对于跨端的思考不止停留在嵌入式场景,多平台的支持也在逐步完善,目前全页场景、App 场景已经不断在业务场景落地,同时还在尝试其他平台的支持。 InfoQ:目前,Lynx 在字节的落地达到了什么规模?涵盖了哪些业务场景?师绍琨:目前 Lynx 业务涉及 10+ 个字节内部 App,数十条产品线,在抖音、头条、火山、西瓜等都有业务落地,场景涵盖卡片模式、半屏页等场景、页面模式、独立 App 等。 3 未来计划 InfoQ:Lynx 还有哪些地方需要继续优化?师绍琨:主要为以下几个方面——不断完善技术文档和社区建设,持续提升开发者体验性能持续优化,多线程渲染等能力进一步完善,给更复杂的页面场景提供优化手段渲染能力补充和优化,CSS 属性的持续丰富,动画能力补强,保障多端持续保障稳定性,不断完善基础 Case 和特定机型 Bad Case 的覆盖 InfoQ:会有开源计划吗?师绍琨:目前开源计划还未定,看后续的发展;可以肯定的是会优先服务好内部业务,并持续打磨 Lynx SDK 的自身能力,提升开发者体验为主,在字节内部做开源生态,等到合适的时候会考虑开源。嘉宾简介:师绍琨,毕业于南开大学,现任抖音搜索业务前端负责人。目前在抖音基础业务团队负责搜索业务研发以及搜索大前端技术方向的规划演进,在跨端技术、大前端稳定性等方向有较丰富的经验。

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Lynx, facts and information

Lynx, facts and information

Skip to contentNewslettersSubscribeMenuA Northern lynx (Lynx lynx) at the Lisbon Zoo.Photograph By Joel Sartore, National Geographic, Photo ArkPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.AnimalsPhoto ArkLynxShareTweetEmailCommon Name: LynxScientific Name: LynxType: MammalsDiet: CarnivoreSize: 32 to 47 inches longWeight: 22 to 44 poundsSize relative to a 6-foot human: What is a lynx?Lynxes are medium-size, solitary wildcats that roam the forests of North America, Europe, and Asia. While their name comes from a Greek word meaning “to shine”—because of their reflective eyes—their defining features are the prominent tufts of hair above their ears, and their short, stubby tails.There are four species of lynx. The Eurasian and Iberian lynx are found in Western Europe and Central Asia, and were once thought to be the same species despite the smaller size of the Iberian lynx. The other two species—Canada lynx and bobcats—live in North America. Bobcats, or Lynx rufus, got their name from their short—or bobbed—tail. But even experts can sometimes struggle to tell them apart from the other species.AppearanceLynx are usually a light brown, red, rusty, or gray color with dark spots for camouflage. Their fur grows thicker in winter to keep them warm in cold climates.They are recognizable by the pointed black tufts of hair at the ends of their ears, beard-like fur around their cheeks, long legs, and short, stubby tails with a black tip. Their tufted ears may function like antennae to help them hear, detect movement above their head, or simply to keep their ears warm—but scientists have yet to discover the exact reason.(Read about an all-black Canada lynx seen for the first time ever.)Lynx bodies are adapted for life in deep snow. Their long legs help them move through the thick powder and their large, webbed paws have hair underneath to keep them warm and stop them slipping. Those paws hit the ground with a spreading toe motion to help the animal walk on top of the snow, forming the perfect snowshoe.Bobcats, however, don’t need to travel through thick snow in search of snowshoe hares, so they have smaller feet without hairy soles. You can also tell the bobcat by the smaller tufts on its ears, and the white underside of its tail. Diet and populationLynx are skilled hunters due to their great hearing and eyesight so strong that they can spot a mouse 250 feet away.They tend to live in dense forests where there is plenty of cover to ambush their prey. Lynx aren’t able to keep up the chase over long distances so once they’ve spotted their prey they’ll silently stalk it until the perfect moment. Pouncing, they grasp their victim with their front claws and kill it with a bite to the throat.These stealthy cats avoid humans and hunt at night, so they are rarely seen. They usually target one primary prey. For Canada lynx, that’s the snowshoe hare and for the Iberian lynx, it’s the European rabbit. Meanwhile, bobcats have a more varied diet of rabbits, hares, rodents, and sometimes birds, while the larger Eurasian lynx hunts deer and other small animals.(Lynx take epic 2,000-mile treks—but why is a mystery.)Lynx have also been known to kill farm animals, such as sheep and goats, particularly when the livestock is left to graze near the edge of a forest. In Norway, the government compensates farmers for the 10,000 or so sheep that are lost to lynx each year.ReproductionLynx are largely solitary animals that make dens under fallen trees, in dense vegetation, or in abandoned burrows.During mating season—which takes place at the end of the winter or in early spring—females will only breed with one male. Rival males will screech at each other as they fight over the female. About two months after mating, females give birth to a litter of between one and four kittens that she will raise herself with no involvement from the male.(Out of the shadows, these are the wildcats you've never seen.)By using camera traps and tagging kittens, researchers have learned that young lynx become independent at 10 months of age and head out to find their own territories after 20 months. Females have smaller territories than males and don’t stray as far from home, and there are some reports of mother-daughter pairs hunting together. Once a young lynx has established its own territory, it is ready to reproduce.Threats to survivalThe International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the Iberian lynx as endangered, while the Eurasian and Canada lynx and the bobcat are classified as of least concern. They are threatened by the loss and fragmentation of their habitats, humans who trap them for their valuable fur, and issues affecting their prey, such as disease and climate change.Conservation and reintroduction efforts have proven successful in reversing the decline of the species. For example, the Eurasian lynx has been successfully reintroduced across Europe in countries including France, Italy, Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Meanwhile, the population of Iberian lynx has grown tenfold across Spain and Portugal.(Here's how the Iberian lynx became the biggest comeback in cat conservation.)However, these are not without their challenges. The reintroduction of three pairs of Eurasian lynx to Croatia in 1973, 70 years after the last native animal was lost, seemed successful at first. But the population suffered from inbreeding, and there are now new projects aiming to add genetic diversity into the population by introducing new members.Did you know?An all-black Canada lynx was recorded for the first time in August 2020.— National GeographicLynx are crepuscular: they sleep through the day and are active at dawn and dusk.— Woodland TrustThe Iberian lynx was once the most endangered cat on the planet. But thanks to conservation efforts it has been reclassified from critically endangered to endangered, with at least 1,100 animals scattered across Spain and Portugal.— National GeographicLynx went extinct in the United Kingdom around 200 A.D. but some have suggested reintroducing the species in Scotland to help manage booming deer populations.— Scottish Wildlife TrustInstead of meowing like a house cat, bobcats make chirruping sounds like a bird.— Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology InstituteEditor's note: This story was originally published on April 11, 2010. It has been updated.ShareTweetEmailGo FurtherAnimalsResort flamingos are being returned to the wildAnimalsResort flamingos are being returned to the wildHow an ‘extinct’ cicada was rediscovered 100 years laterAnimalsHow an ‘extinct’ cicada was rediscovered 100 years laterThe mystery of the Coast Salish woolly dogAnimalsThe mystery of the Coast Salish woolly dogSingle orca seen killing great white shark for first time everAnimalsSingle orca seen killing great white shark for first time everFirst-ever photos show male humpback whales matingAnimalsFirst-ever photos show male humpback whales matingMeet the newest ‘walking’ fishAnimalsMeet the newest ‘walking’ fishEnvironmentHow animals are adapting to the rise of wildfiresEnvironmentHow animals are adapting to the rise of wildfiresFast fashion goes to die in this Chilean desertEnvironmentFast fashion goes to die in this Chilean desertThis is where ‘forever chemicals’ are hiding in your kitchenEnvironmentThis is where ‘forever chemicals’ are hiding in your kitchenYou're not imagining it—winters are getting warmerEnvironmentYou're not imagining it—winters are getting warmerMexico is treating corn from the U.S. as a threat. 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MuseumWatch TVLearn About Our ImpactSupport Our MissionMastheadPress RoomAdvertise With UsJoin UsSubscribeCustomer ServiceRenew SubscriptionManage Your SubscriptionWork at Nat GeoSign Up for Our NewslettersContribute to Protect the PlanetFollow usNational Geographic InstagramNational Geographic FacebookNational Geographic TwitterNational Geographic YoutubeNational Geographic LinkedinNational Geographic TiktokNational Geographic RedditUnited States (Change)Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved

linux命令行浏览器 --links和lynx - 知乎

linux命令行浏览器 --links和lynx - 知乎首发于docker上手实践切换模式写文章登录/注册linux命令行浏览器 --links和lynxpeter.cao稻谷先生如果想在linux服务器里,如centos或ubuntu命令行直接访问网页,尤其是无GUI界面的环境中,可以使用curl,但curl只能抓取页面,如果想读页面的内容,还得将其保存下来然后查看,也就是说curl相当于一个爬虫下载工具。如果想直接读到网页中的内容,就得另请高明了。下面介绍两种工具,links和lynx,实现从命令行浏览器来查看页面内容。1、先来看一下curl的使用直接在命令上开始使用:curl www.baidu.com,如下显示root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# curl www.baidu.com

百度一下,你就知道

关于百度 About Baidu

©2017&nbs

p;Baidu 使用百度前必读  意见反馈 京ICP证030173号 

从上面运行结果可以看到,返回的就是百度首页的源代码,而不是我们看到的百度首页页面。这应该类似于爬虫的操作了,就是爬取源代码文件。如果想保存上述的内容,可以在curl后面增加一个-o参数:root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# curl -o baidu.dat www.baidu.com #获取百度首页源代码并保存到baidu.dat

% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current

Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed

100 2381 100 2381 0 0 14152 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 14172

root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# ll

total 80

drwx------ 6 root root 4096 Dec 2 08:28 ./

drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Dec 2 08:29 ../

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2381 Dec 2 08:28 baidu.dat

root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# more baidu.dat #查看baidu.dat内容

ays name=referrer>

......省略如果想显示curl访问网页时的通信过程,可以增加一个-v参数,如下:root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# curl -v www.baidu.com

* Rebuilt URL to: www.baidu.com/

* Trying 119.63.197.139...

* Connected to www.baidu.com (119.63.197.139) port 80 (#0)

> GET / HTTP/1.1

> Host: www.baidu.com

> User-Agent: curl/7.47.0

> Accept: */*

>

< HTTP/1.1 200 OK

< Accept-Ranges: bytes

< Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform

< Connection: keep-alive

< Content-Length: 2381

< Content-Type: text/html

< Date: Wed, 02 Dec 2020 00:34:06 GMT

< Etag: "588604ec-94d"

< Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:28:12 GMT

< Pragma: no-cache

< Server: bfe/1.0.8.18

< Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/

<

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Get:1 http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 links amd64 2.12-1 [394 kB]

Fetched 394 kB in 0s (4,296 kB/s)

Selecting previously unselected package links.

(Reading database ... 99048 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../links_2.12-1_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking links (2.12-1) ...

Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...

Processing triggers for mime-support (3.59ubuntu1) ...

Setting up links (2.12-1) ...然后直接使用links url访问:如上对新浪首页进行访问,受限于页面高度只可以看到部分内容,显示了部分文本。在执行links后使用键盘上的ESC按键,可以显示links的菜单:这样就可以对页面内容做更多操作了,包括保存、下载和链接等。如果想对links的使用有更多了解,还可以直接在命令上输入: links ---help查看帮助文档:root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# links --help

links [options] URL

Options are:

-help

Prints this help screen

-version

Prints the links version number and exit.

-lookup

Does name lookup, like command "host".

-g

Run in graphics mode.

-no-g

Run in text mode (overrides previous -g).

-driver

Graphics driver to use. Drivers are: x, svgalib, fb, directfb, pmshell,

atheos.

List of drivers will be shown if you give it an unknown driver.

Available drivers depend on your operating system and available libraries.

-mode

Graphics mode. For SVGALIB it is in format COLUMNSxROWSxCOLORS --

......省略3. lynx的使用官方:Lynx InformationLynx is a customizable text-based web browser for use on cursor-addressable character cell terminals. As of January 2019, it is the oldest web browser still in general use and active development, having started in 1992.从英文介绍中可以看出lynx是最古老的网页浏览工具,从1992年就开始使用,而且一直经久不衰。我们可以先在命令行使用lynx --help查看帮助文档:root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# lynx --help

USAGE: lynx [options] [file]

Options are:

- receive options and arguments from stdin

-accept_all_cookies

accept cookies without prompting if Set-Cookie handling

is on (off)

-anonymous apply restrictions for anonymous account,

see also -restrictions

-assume_charset=MIMEname

charset for documents that don't specify it

-assume_local_charset=MIMEname

charset assumed for local files

-assume_unrec_charset=MIMEname

use this instead of unrecognized charsets

-auth=id:pw authentication information for protected documents

-base prepend a request URL comment and BASE tag to text/html

outputs for -source dumps

-bibhost=URL local bibp server (default http://bibhost/)

-book use the bookmark page as the startfile (off)

-buried_news toggles scanning of news articles for buried references (on)

-cache=NUMBER NUMBER of documents cached in memory

-case enable case sensitive user searching (off)

-center toggle center alignment in HTML TABLE (off)

-cfg=FILENAME specifies a lynx.cfg file other than the default

-child exit on left-arrow in startfile, and disable save to disk

-child_relaxed exit on left-arrow in startfile (allows save to disk)

-cmd_log=FILENAME log keystroke commands to the given file

-cmd_script=FILENAME

read keystroke commands from the given file

(see -cmd_log)

-connect_timeout=N

set the N-second connection timeout (18000)

-cookie_file=FILENAME

specifies a file to use to read cookies

-cookie_save_file=FILENAME

specifies a file to use to store cookies

-cookies toggles handling of Set-Cookie headers (on)

...省略非常多的参数,表明该工具可以处理很多方面的http请求和网页内容。我们可以先简单测试一下,使用使用lynx url访问一个网页页面:root@VM-0-10-ubuntu:~# lynx www.baidu.com

Looking up 'www.baidu.com' first

www.baidu.com cookie: BAIDUID=16F1058D693B97613F35A4F360117CDA:FG=1 Allow? (Y/N/Always/neVer)

(选择Y后)

www.baidu.com cookie: PSTM=1606870861 Allow? (Y/N/Always/neVer)

(选择Y后)

#百度搜索

REFRESH(0 sec): http://www.baidu.com/baidu.html?from=noscript